science and technology papers

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background Science and Technology (Science and Technology) is a branch of science that must be mastered in creating quality human resources. History shows that the progress of a nation is determined by the mastery of science and technology. Mastery of Science and Technology can not happen instantly but requires consistent effort and continuous. One of the 2025 science and technology development mission is to realize Indonesia is smart and creative in a knowledge-based civilization. The increasingly rapid development of science and technology has brought change in every sector of human life. Thus mastery of science and technology is a necessity for the Indonesian nation in realizing human quality. It reminds us that learning is not just enough in school, but can be done from outside the school education. 1.2 Objectives The purpose of this paper is to improve the focus and quality of research and development activities in the field of basic science, applied science, and technology in accordance with the core competencies and needs of users. And we further develop our science and technology 1.3 Scope Many Indonesian people today are less aware of the development of the technology world, thus we present understanding of the concept of the development of science and technology that globalized today. With the goal of the country Indonesia will be a developed country. CHAPTER II DISCUSSION Science & Technology Development 2.1 Definition of science and technology aimed at improving the welfare of the community in order to build a civilization. Science and technology development are not only important as a source of economic growth and competitiveness, but also the source of the formation of a climate of innovation and creativity become the foundation for the growth of human resources. Science and technology determines the level of effectiveness and efficiency of the process of transforming resources into new resources are more valuable. Looks pretty clear that the future economic development of a country increasingly rely on innovation in science and technology. Without the ability to perform an adequate communication strategy and supported lmiah information into a stage of decision making, development of a country in the future may be hampered. Science and technology plays an important role for developing countries in the process of improving living standards, welfare, and protect natural resources and biodiversity. 2.2 Communication science and technology in the 17th century, Robert Boyle was one of the first scientists to conduct scientific experiments to test the hypothesis. He assumed that people would trust a new scientific discovery if the discovery can be visualized to the community. Boyle then invite several people to his laboratory and explained the scientific discovery. Boyle believes that a scientific experiment can be valid if the people believe what they see, and they can test hypotheses and methodologies used in scientific experiments. Boyle also assume that scientific experiments are presented visually generate new knowledge not only to a witness, but also to the wider social environment. Communication science and technology on society and people's understanding of science and technology is a relatively new research subject in academic circles, but evolved to be studied further to support the public policy-making process. A good understanding of the dynamics of science and technology complexities of science and technology and interaction with society, useful in improving community access to science and technology and eventually evolved into a system of community management and social control of science and technology. Several terms have been used in the definition of communication science and technology, among others: public understanding of science and technology, public awareness of science and technology, and social diffusion of science and technology. Over time, the main purpose of communication science and technology related to three main aspects. First, the political aspect. The end result of a science and technology innovation has its own specifications in it, namely terminology, institutions, systems verification, etc.. Specifications are finally building a invisible barrier between science and technology with society. Communication Science and Technology aims to achieve a linkage between community and science and technology. The second aspect is the cognitive aspect. In communication science and technology, communication device or a transmitter of information used will be adjusted to create a guarantee of the general public understanding and acceptance of science and technology. The third aspect is the aspect of creativity, which helps development of intelligence and capability Sosioteknologi Journal Edition 15 Year 7, December 2008 482 Public Understanding Of Science And Technology Communications society resulting in the ability to integrate science and technology into everyday life. 2.3 Theory of Communication Science and Technology Massimiano Bucchi, a scholar of sociology, emphasizing alternative approach to science and technology communication. Bucchi argues about the importance of linguistic translation in the process of transfer of information from scientists to the public. He formulated a theorem called the communication continuum, to provide arguments against the linear model of communication to be passive recipients of information. He identified the forms of communication science and technology into four main tiers. o Depth first. Is level with the highest dimension, ie the level Intraspesialistik which is a form of communication and delivery infomrasi among experts in specific fields of research are the same. For example, an article in a scientific journal. o The second level is the level Interspesialistik, is a form of communication between experts in the scientific disciplines are similar, but differ in the research topic. o The third level, ie levels of Pedagogic. In this level, theorems and postulates of a scientific topic has progressed and can be consolidated into a set of theorems and postulates are accurate. o The fourth level, which is the last level, the level of Popular. a fairly common example is a short scientific articles in newspapers or magazines, and scientific documentaries on TV channels. In this level, form of communication science and technology presented in the visualization of images of metaphor in language easily understood public. 2.4 Public perceptions of science and technology science and technology play an important role as a reformer in the agent community. As the nation moves toward a knowledge-based economy, compared to natural resource-based economy in accordance with the techno-economic paradigm, science and technology became the foundation of economic development success is supported by the capacity and capability of competitive human resources. Nation's strength is measured by the ability of science and technology as a primary factor to replace the economic capital, land, and energy to increasing competitiveness. Law no. 18 of 2002 on the National System of Research, Development and Application of Science and Technology mandated responsibilities of the research is no longer the monopoly of the government, but also requires community participation. Thus, the community eventually sued to have sufficient insight to understand the science and technology. Science and technology will evolve rapidly and discussion on issues arising from these developments is very important. Several countries in the continent of Europe has experienced many challenges in dealing with controversial issues, for example: Genetic engineering. These countries gain valuable lessons in an effort to introduce and involve the general public towards science and technology. Communities with higher levels of education would argue that science and technology is essential for lower educated people, but as stated by Waldegrave, "Some see science, and the method of science, as systematically destructive of everything the which makes life worth living.". A similar opinion is expressed by Carl Sagan, "It is suicidal to create a society dependent upon the S & T in the which hardly anybody knows about S & T.". In a dynamic society, attitude and outlook is more important than the process of receiving a nuanced information science and technology. Individuals within a community of people will behave or react to a situation and social conditions depending on the aspect of the informational materials science and technology, so that science and technology communication strategy has a broader scope and covers aspects of the interaction between people with science and technology. The study of approaches and indicators for the public understanding of science and technology generally consists of three main elements that are interrelated between each other: interest, knowledge, and behavioral indicators aim to measure the elements of interest in public relations with the development of science and technology. The indicator aims to measure the knowledge level of people's understanding of science and technology development. This indicator relates to the relationship between science and technology and mass media which also measures the degree of success of communication science and technology on society and know the sources of information most frequently used public to obtain information science and technology, such as TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, internet, museums, etc.. The behavioral indicators included behavior and public acceptance of science and technology innovation process and the funding of a public perception of the benefits and risks of application of the science and technology innovation. However, these studies face the constraints of how to design evaluation measures and the interpretation of perception and people's understanding of science and technology, or commonly called a culture of science and technology. There are several approaches to developing models to understand the perception and public understanding of science and technology. 2.5 Model of Communication Science and Technology is developing science and technology communication model sd currently known as "linear diffusion model" or also known as the "deficit model", which is a hallmark of Anglo-Saxon community in the study of science and technology communication. Deficit model based on the hypothesis that nuanced knowledge of science and technology have parameters that can measure how much an information science and technology can be absorbed by each individual. The model also assumes that the public deficit is a passive participant who has a knowledge gap and should be filled with information science and technology. This model is a top-down models with scientific knowledge only goes one way, from scientists to the public. Thus, this model is a linear model as it is commonly used in the past to analyze the progress of science and technology. Deficit model can only partially explain the complexities of understanding and public perception of science and technology, so there are some substantial drawbacks, among others: a. By treating the public has a passive response in the understanding and perception of science and technology, not a deficit model can provide a motivation or a sense of active-constructive in information processing science and technology on society b. Deficit model of science and technology do not treat culture as a dynamic and social process, but more emphasis on science and technology knowledge of the characteristics of individual recipients. Contrary to the fact that people's understanding of science and technology depend on the social context in which information science and technology become more operational. c. Deficit model also treats the communication of science and technology as a communication flow only in one direction but does not take into account the dynamic reciprocal process. Deficit model has been criticized in recent decades, so there are several alternative approaches to developing models to complement the lack of a deficit model, among others: 1. Contextual model. This model is often used in studies of response and public perception of science and technology risk, which emphasizes that individual recipients of information science and technology not as a passive entity. However, these individuals perform the process of reinterpretation in the context of culture and values ​​that developed around it. 2. Lay expertise model. This model emphasizes the role of local wisdom and customs of diverse society in the interpretation and harness science and technology information. 3. Community participation model. This model sees that the inability of society to understand the science and technology due to the insight and understanding developed in the community due to the influence of culture and custom, rather than blame the public directly, so the process of communication science and technology not only provides information science and technology per se, but rather to build critical thinking that allows society to evaluate the development of science and technology in accordance with social relevance. 4. Net model. This model highlights the complex interaction of the interplay between science and technology communication between scientists and communication science and technology on society. 2.6 Culture Science & Technology Science & Technology When it comes to culture, there are three possible linguistic structures in the expression, among others: o The science and technology culture. There are two possibilities, - culture created by science and technology - science and technology culture itself o culture through science and technology. There are two possibilities, - Culture of the way science and technology - which underpins the culture of science and technology o Culture for science and technology. There are two possibilities, - driven culture for the production of science and technology - driven culture for the dissemination of science and technology In the last point there are also two possibilities: o The diffusion of scientific and educational scientists o The education that is not contained in the diffusion of scientific and educational scientists. Example: the system of teaching and learning high school, undergraduate education, and education to the public. The differences mentioned above does not cover all interactions that may occur between people with science and technology topics in a social system, but these differences can contribute to a clear understanding of the complexity of the semantics involved in the disclosure of science and technology and cultural phenomenon referred to as "scientific community". Science and technology culture as a dynamic process can be described as the so-called science and technology culture spiral process begins in quadrant I, which describes the process of production and exchange of scientific information among scientists. Spiral and then move into quadrant II, which describes the process of education and teaching of science and technology to scientists, and the regeneration of new scientists. Later in the third quadrant which shows similarities in the actions and objectives for the development of science and technology education to the community. The fourth quadrant which is the end of the dynamic process of science and technology culture, or communication describes the popularization of science and technology on society. Each quadrant can be associated as a dynamic process of development and evolution of science and technology culture that contain levels of understanding of a community of science and technology. In quadrant I, in the information and target information are the scientists themselves. In quadrant II, scientists and professors is a transmitter of information to target information is the learner. In quadrant III, teachers, scientists, scientific documentary film narrator acts as a transmitter of information to the target information is not only students but also young people. In quadrant IV, journalists and scientists is to convey information to target information is public. In the dynamic process of science and technology culture, the evolution of spiral completes the cycle by returning to the original position of the horizontal axis but not returned exactly at the point of moving. This is due to the dynamic people's understanding of science and technology that could be analogous to continue to increase over time. Similarly, an increasing number of people in a social community, so that each quadrant will begin with a new understanding by the transmitter of information, both in quality and quantity. CHAPTER III CLOSING 3.1 Conclusion In the end, science and technology culture is an inseparable attribute of a community. Since the main emphasis komunukasi science and technology is to the process of how the public can understand science and technology on an ongoing basis, people should also understand how the precise form of language in the process of communicating science and technology by the transmitter of information to them. Community to the interpretation of information science and technology tailored to the influence from within each individual level of education, economic and environmental impact of social relevance and social structures that influence how fast and accurate information science and technology are acceptable for their intended purpose, so that the necessary stages of development on how to shape and mechanisms of communication science and technology towards a pluralistic society effectively and efficiently adapted to local wisdom and cultural context that develops in each society. 3.2 Advice In this globalization era, let us as the generation of this nation can be more mensikapi in the application of science and technology development. Use a facility that has been given to us with the best. REFERENCES Bauer, M. W., Bucchi, M., 2007. Journalism, science and society: science communication, the between news and public relations. Routledge, United Kingdom. Lewenstein, B.V., 2003. Models of public communication of science and technology. Public Understanding of Science, Cornell University, New York. Rao, C.N.R., 2008. Science and technology policies: The case of India. Technology in Society 30, pp.242-247. Rédey, S., 2006. Science for Public - the Dimension of Science Communication. Tudomany-Kommunikacio-Tarsadalom, pp. 75-81. Servaes, J., 2008. Communication for Development and Social Change. Sage Publications, United States. Journal Sosioteknologi Edition 15 Year 7, December 2008 489 PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (Science Technology) papers to fulfill the task of Informatics Engineering courses are mentored by Mr. Moh. Yahya, S. Kom By: FIQI SATRIA Ashadi INFORMATICS ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY STUDIES PROGRAM Darul Ulum PREFACE 2009 Praise we pray Allah SWT for His blessings and mercy of the preparation of this paper can be resolved. This paper we create to define the development of information technology. The origins of information theory and the opinion of several prominent place explaining the theory of information so that we in particular and the general public can know and understand the importance of an information. Thanks to the people who want to spend a little time to read our work. Perhaps many shortcomings in terms of both physical and contents. Eventually we hope for constructive criticism and suggestions from various parties for the perfection of the next paper. Hopefully this paper can benefit us all. The author, TABLE OF CONTENTS i ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE iii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2 Objectives 1 1.3 Scope 1 CHAPTER II DISCUSSION 2 2.1 2 2.2 Definition of Science & Technology Science & Technology Communications Communication Theory 2 2.3 3 4.2 Science Technology Public perceptions of science and technology 4 5.2 5 2.6 Models of Communication Science and Technology Culture Science & Technology 7 CHAPTER III CLOSING 9 3.1 9 2.3 Conclusion Suggestion 9 REFERENCES 10