10 Cara Mendapatkan Uang dari Internet

Secara harfiah, Internet (kependekan dari interconnected-networking) ialah sistem global dari seluruh jaringan komputer yang saling terhubung menggunakan standar Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) untuk melayani miliaran pengguna di seluruh dunia.Internet bukan hanya sekedar mencari informasi ataupun melakukan aktifitas jejaring sosial seperti facebook. Tapi, juga tempat mencari uang.

Berikut 10 cara menghasilkan/mendapatkan uang dari internet:

1.PTC (Paid to Click)
Mendapatkan uang dengan cara mengklik dan melihat iklan.

2.PTR (Paid to Read)
sama seperti PTC melihat dan mengklik iklan lalu dapat bayaran, ada juga yang menawarkan
membaca artikel atau sejenisnya lalu kita dibayar.

3.PTSU (Paid to Sign Up)
kita akan mendapatkan bayaran jika kita mendaftar di suatu situs.

4.Paid Email
kita akan menerima bayaran jika kita membaca email.

5.Paid Per Post/Write
Menadapatkan bayaran dengan memposting/ menulis artikel.

6.Paid Survey
Melakukan survey kecil seperti polling, dan mendapatkan bayaran jika survey telah berhasil
dilakukan.

7.Adsense
Ini dia cara mendapatkan uang yang tawaran bayarannya lumayan tinggi seperti google adsense
dan sebagainya. Caranya kita hanya menaruh iklan mereka diwebsite kita. Lalu setiap
pengunjung website melihat/mengklik iklan tersebut maka kita sebagai pemilik website
mendapatkan royalti dari adsense tersebut.

8.Paid to Upload
Mendapatkan uang dengan cara mengupload video, photo, music, dokumen dan sebagainya.

9.Paid to Play
Mendapatkan uang dengan cara bermain game. Seperti poker dan sebagainya.

10.Forex Trading
Menghasilkan uang dengan cara bermain trading online. Mirip bursa saham namun yang satu ini
bersifat online.

Nah itulah 10 Cara Mendapatka Uang dari Internet. Jangan menyerah untuk mencari rezeki yang halal. Bagaimana pendapat anda ?

Internet

Internet

adalah jaringan komputer yang terhubung secara internasional dan tersebar di seluruh dunia. Jaringan ini meliputi jutaan pesawat komputer yang terhubung satu dengan yang lainnya dengan memanfaatkan jaringan telepon (baik kabel maupun gelombang elektromagnetik).Jaringan jutaan komputer ini memungkinkan berbagai aplikasi dilaksanakan antar komputer dalam jaringan internet dengan dukungan software dan hardware yang dibutuhkan. Untuk bergabung dalam jaringan ini, satu pihak ( dalam hal ini provider ) harus memiliki program aplikasi serta bank data yang menyediakan informasi dan data yang dapat di akses oleh pihak lain yang tergabung dalam internet.
Pada tahun 1999, jumlah komputer yang telah dihubungkan dengan internet di seluruh dunia mencapai lebih dari 40 juta dan jumlah ini terus bertambah setiap hari. Saat ini jumlah situs web mencapai jutaan, bahkan mungkin trilyunan, isinya memuat bermacam-macam topik. Tentu saja, situs-situs itu menjadi sumber informasi baik yang positif ataupun negatif. Informasi dikatakan positif apabila bermanfaat untuk penelitiaan. Di bawah ini akan dijelaskan dampak-dampak positif maupun negatif dari penggunaan internet.


Dampak Positif:
1. Internet sebagai media komunikasi, merupakan fungsi internet yang paling banyak digunakan dimana setiap pengguna internet dapat berkomunikasi dengan pengguna lainnya dari seluruh dunia.

2. Media pertukaran data, dengan menggunakan email, newsgroup, ftp dan www (world wide web jaringan situs-situs web) para pengguna internet di seluruh dunia dapat saling bertukar informasi dengan cepat dan murah.

3. Media untuk mencari informasi atau data, perkembangan internet yang pesat, menjadikan www sebagai salah satu sumber informasi yang penting dan akurat.

4. Kemudahan memperoleh informasi yang ada di internet sehingga manusia tahu apa saja yang terjadi.

5. Bisa digunakan sebagai lahan informasi untuk bidang pendidikan, kebudayaan, dan lain-lain.

6. Kemudahan bertransaksi dan berbisnis dalam bidang perdagangan sehingga tidak perlu pergi menuju ke tempat penawaran/penjualan.


Dampak Negatif:
1. Anggapan yang mengatakan bahwa internet identik dengan pornografi, memang tidak salah. Dengan kemampuan penyampaian informasi yang dimiliki internet, pornografi pun merajalela.Untuk mengantisipasi hal ini, para produsen browser melengkapi program mereka dengan kemampuan untuk memilih jenis home-page yang dapat di-akses.Di internet terdapat gambar-gambar pornografi dan kekerasan yang bisa mengakibatkan dorongan kepada seseorang untuk bertindak kriminal.

2. Kekejaman dan kesadisan juga banyak ditampilkan. Karena segi bisnis dan isi pada dunia internet tidak terbatas, maka para pemilik situs menggunakan segala macam cara agar dapat menjual situs mereka. Salah satunya dengan menampilkan hal-hal yang bersifat tabu.

3. Hal ini memang merajalela di bidang manapun. Internet pun tidak luput dari serangan penipu. Cara yang terbaik adalah tidak mengindahkan hal ini atau mengkonfirmasi informasi yang Anda dapatkan pada penyedia informasi tersebut.

4. Karena sifatnya yang real time (langsung), cara belanja dengan menggunakan Kartu kredit adalah carayang paling banyak digunakan dalam dunia internet. Para penjahat internet pun paling banyak melakukan kejahatan dalam bidang ini. Dengan sifat yang terbuka, para penjahat mampu mendeteksi adanya transaksi (yang menggunakan Kartu Kredit) on-line dan mencatat kode Kartu yang digunakan. Untuk selanjutnya mereka menggunakan data yang mereka dapatkan untuk kepentingan kejahatan mereka.

5. Dampak lainnya adalah meluasnya perjudian. Dengan jaringan yang tersedia, para penjudi tidak perlu pergi ke tempat khusus untuk memenuhi keinginannya. Anda hanya perlu menghindari situs seperti ini, karena umumnya situs perjudian tidak agresif dan memerlukan banyak persetujuan dari pengunjungnya.

6. Mengurangi sifat sosial manusia karena cenderung lebih suka berhubungan lewat internet daripada bertemu secara langsung (face to face).

7. Dari sifat sosial yang berubah dapat mengakibatkan perubahan pola masyarakat dalam berinteraksi.

8. Kejahatan seperti menipu dan mencuri dapat dilakukan di internet (kejahatan juga ikut berkembang).

9. Bisa membuat seseorang kecanduan, terutama yang menyangkut pornografi dan dapat menghabiskan uang karena hanya untuk melayani kecanduan tersebut

Di bawah ini merupakan beberapa manfaat jaringan.

• Resource sharing , dapat menggunakan sumberdaya yang secara bersama-sama. Misalnya seorang pengguna yang berada di 100 Km jauhnya dari suatu data, tidak mendapatkan kesulitan dalam menggunakan data tersebut dan seolah olah data tersebut berada di dekatnya. Hal ini sering diartikan bahwa jaringan komputer mengatasi masalah jarak.
• Reliabilitas tinggi, dengan jaringan komputer kita akan mendapatkan reliabilitas yang tinggi dengan memiliki sumber-sumber alternatif persediaan. Misalnya semua file dapat disimpan atau di copy ke dua, ketiga , atau lebih komputer yang terkoneksi ke jaringan. Sehingga bila satu mesin rusak maka salinan di mesin lain bisa digunakan.
• Menghemat uang. Komputer berukuran kecil mempunyai rasio harga/ kinerja yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan komputer yang besar. Komputer besar seperti mainframe memiliki kecepatan kiro – kiro sepuluh kali lebih kecepatan komputer kecil/pribadi. Akan tetapi harga mainframe seribu kali lebih mahal dari komputer Pribadi. Ketidak seimbanggan rasio Harga/ Kinerja inilah membuat para perancang sistem untuk membangun sistem yang terdiri dari komputer – komputer Pribadi.

 apa ya manfaat jaringan komputer ?

yang pertama membagi sumber daya adalah jaringan komputer dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sarana untuk membagi sumber daya yang ada. yang kedua yaitu rehabilitas tinggi adalah jaringan komputer memungkinkan kita untuk mengcopykan data – data kedua atau tiga komputer. yang ketiga yaitu menghemat biaya adalah dengan jaringan komputer, sebuah perusahaan dapat menghemat peralatan yang harus digunakan.yang keempat sebagai sarana komunikasi adalah jaringan komputer dapat dimanfaatkan oleh perusahaan atau organisasi.

Manfaat-Manfaat Jaringan Komputer

Jika Anda bertanya tentang manfaat jaringan komputer atau internet, maka sangat banyak sekali manfaat internet, antara lain:
Resource Sharing, dapat menggunakan sumberdaya yang ada secara bersamasama. Misal seorang pengguna yang berada 100 km jauhnya dari suatu data, tidak mendapatkan kesulitan dalam menggunakan data
tersebut, seolah-olah data tersebut berada didekatnya. Hal ini sering diartikan bahwa jaringan komputer mangatasi masalah jarak.

Reliabilitas tinggi, dengan jaringan komputer kita akan mendapatkan reliabilitas yang tinggi dengan memiliki sumber-sumber alternatif persediaan. Misalnya, semua file dapat disimpan atau dicopy ke dua, tiga atu lebih komputer yang terkoneksi kejaringan. Sehingga bila salah satu mesin rusak, maka salinan di mesin yang lain bisa digunakan.

Menghemat uang. Komputer berukutan kecil mempunyai rasio harga/kinerja yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan komputer yang besar. Komputer besar seperti mainframe memiliki kecapatan kira-kira sepuluh kali lipat kecepatan komputer kecil/pribadi. Akan tetap, harga mainframe seribu kali lebih mahal dari komputer pribadi. Ketidakseimbangan rasio harga/kinerja dan kecepatan inilah membuat para perancang sistem untuk membangun sistem yang terdiri dari komputerkomputer pribadi

Manfaat jaringan komputer bagi user dapat dikelompokkan menjadi dua, yaitu: untuk kebutuhan perusahaan, dan jaringan untuk umum.

Tujuan utama dari terbangunnya sebuah jaringan pada suatu perusahaan adalah:

Resource sharing yang bertujuan agar seluruh program, peralatan, khususnya data dapat digunakan oleh setiap orang yang ada pada jaringan.

Saving Money (Penghematan uang/anggaran): Perangkat dan data yang dapat dishare akan membuat penghematan anggaran yang cukup besar, karena tidak perlu membeli perangkat baru untuk dipasang ditiap-tiap unit komputer

High reliability (kehandalan tinggi): Sistem Informasi Manajemen Kantor Terpadu atau Sistem Pelayanan Satu Atap dengan teknologi client-server, internet maupun intranet dapat diterapkan pada jaringan komputer, sehingga dapat memberikan pelayanan yang handal, cepat dan akurat sesuai kebutuhan dan harapan.

Manfaat jaringan komputer untuk umum:

Jaringan komputer akan memberikan layanan yang berbeda kepada pengguna di rumah-rumah dibandingkan dengan layanan yang diberikan pada perusahaan. Terdapat tiga hal pokok yang mejadi daya tarik jaringan komputer pada perorangan yaitu:

access ke informasi yang berada di 1 tempat lain (seperti akses berita terkini, info e-goverment, e-commerce atau e-business, semuanya up to date).

komunikasi person to person (seperti e-mail, chatting, video conferene dll). 2

3hiburan interaktif (seperti nonton acara tv on-line, radio streaming, download film atau lagu, dll)

Jaringan komputer merupakan ( computer network) atau sering disebut jaringan merupakan dua buah simpul ( umumnya berupa simpul ) atau lebih ditujukan untuk melakukan pertukaran data atau untuk melakukan bagi pakai perangkat lunak, perangkat keras, dan bahkan berbagai kekuatan pemrosesan.Berikut adalah penjelasa tentang manfaat kegunaan jaringan komputer.
a. Berbagai perangkat keras
Perangkat semacam hardisk, printer, CD-ROM, Drive,dan modem dapat digunakan oleh sejumlah komputer tanpa perlu melepas dan memasang kembali. Peranti cukup dipasang pada sebuah komputer atau dihubungkan pada suatu peralatan khusus dan semua komputer dapat mengaksesnya.
b. Berbagai program atau data
Program atau data dimungkinkan untuk disimpan pada sbuah komputer yang bertindak sebagai server ( yang melayani omputer-komputer yang akan membutuhkan data atau program). Penempatan data pada server juga memberikan keuntungan antara lain menghindari duplikasi data dan ketidakkonsistenan.
c. Mendukung kecepatan berkomunikasi
Dengan adanya dukungan jaringak komputer, komunikasi dapat dilakukanlebih cepat. Pra pemakai komputer dapat mengairim surat elektronik dengan mudah bahkan dapat berckap-cakap secara lansung melalui tulisan ( chating ) ataupun telekonferasi.
d. Memudahkan pengaksesan imformasi
Jaringan komputer memuadahakan pengaksesan informasi. Seseorang dapat bepergian ke mana saja dan tetap bisa mengakses data yang terdapat pada server ketika ia membutuhkannya.Pertumbuhan internet salah satu implementasi jaringa yang terbesar didunia, memungkinkan segala imformasi yang ada di dunia dapat dengan mudah didapatkan.


Jaringan Komputer pada dasarnya adalah untuk berbagi / sharing, entah berbagi data maupun berbagi perangkat.
Jadi, dengan Jaringan Komputer, bisa dimungkinkan untuk menggunakan satu alat yang dipakai beramai-ramai, seperti contohnya: Printer. Juga, dengan Jaringan, data dari satu komputer bisa dengan mudah diakses oleh komputer lain.
Hasilnya, Jaringan Komputer membuat bisnis menjadi lebih murah (lebih sedikit perangkat), dan lebih efisien (lebih mudah mengakses data).
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Paper Management Planning

Paper Management PlanningPapers MANAGEMENT OF PLANNING, OBJECTIVES AND DECISION-MAKING (Planning, Decision Making And Goal)

PLANNING, OBJECTIVES AND DECISION-MAKING (Planning, Decision Making And Goal)
A. IntroductionPlanning is necessary and occurs in various forms of organization, because this plan is the basic process of management in decision making and tinsdakan. Planning is necessary in every kind of activity whether it is the organization's activities, companies and activities in the community, and there are plans in any management functions, because these functions can only implement the decisions that have been established in the planning.
B. Planning restrictionsAccording to Newman planning (planning) is deciding in advance what is to be done. Meanwhile, according to A. Allen is the determination of planning a course of action to Achieve a Desired result. Basically is a plan that gives answers to the questions what (what) who (Who) when (When) when (When) why (why) and how (How) so planning is the function of a manager associated with the selection of a set activities and the termination of the objectives, policies and programs undertaken.

C. Elements of PlanningGood planning must be able to answer the six questions the so-called elements of planning are:1. What action should be done2. Why such action should be done3. Where the act was committed4. When the action is performed5. Who will perform the action6. How to implement such measures.
D. The nature of the Good PlanA good plan should contain the following properties:1. Use simple words and clear in terms easily understood by the recipient so that different interpretations can be eliminated.2. Flexible, a plan must be able to adjust to the real situation when there are changes in circumstances it is not all plans changed and possible adjustments are held. Rigid nature does not have such and such, although other circumstances than planned.3. Stability, it is not necessary every time the plan change so it must be maintained stability of each plan must be in balance.4. It's in balance means that the giving of time and factors of production to whom the goals of the organization balanced with the need.5. Includes all necessary action, so it includes the functions that exist within the organization.


E. Plan Making Process1. Assign tasks and goalsBetween tasks and objectives can not be separated, a plan can not be determined beforehand difrmulir without what the tasks and objectives. The task is defined as what to do, is the goal of a or the value to be obtained.2. Observation and analysisDetermine what factors may facilitate the achievement of goals (observations) when it is known and collected, then analyzed against him to determine which one is used.3. Hold possibilitiesFactors that are available with planning to make a few possibilities in achieving the goals. Where the possibilities that have been obtained can be sorted on the basis of specific, such as length penyelesian, besarbya it cost efficiency and effectiveness and so forth.4. Making synthesisIe synthesis alternative will be chosen from the possibilities that exist by marrying sitesa of these possibilities. The possibilities that exist have weaknesses.
F. Author Who Plans?1. Planning CommitteeThis committee consists of several elements that represent multiple parties, each of which brought its mission to produce a plan, in hopes the plan will be better prepared.2. Planning DivisionOften the task of planning, is a routine task in an organization or company. This is one unit in an organization in charge of special plans. So here there is no element of representation that represents a part of the organization.3. Power StaffIn an organization or company there are two functional groups namely:- Implementing, not equated with the leaders of the groups who directly handle the job- Staff (thinker) is a group that does not directly produce goods or products the company, its duty to analyze the facts in order to plan something for later.
G. Forms of Planning1. Recana Global (Global Plan)Analysis of global recana preparation consists of:- Strength is the power possessed by the organization concerned- Weaknesses, pay attention to the weakness of the organization concerned.- Opportunity is an open opportunity that is owned by the organization- Treath the pressures and constraints facing the organization2. Stategik Plan (Strategic Plan)Part of the global plan is more detailed. Where to develop a framework that will be done to achieve a global plan, the dimensions of time adalang long term. In attempts to achieve a system of priorities. Which would be achieved first.Is a process of long-term prencanaan composed and used to achieve the goals set together. Three reasons the use of strategic planning are:1. Provides basic framework for other planning will be done2. Facilitate the understanding of other forms of planning.3. Beginning point of understanding and assessment of activities of managers and organizations.3. Operational Plan (Operational Plan)This plan covers the planning of operational activities and short-term nature.- Plan of disposable (single use plan) is an activity that is not used again after the achievement of this goal is more detailed and only disposable, such as the planned purchase and installation of computers in a corporate machine.- Fixed Plan (Standing Plan) that is in the form of standardized approaches to handling-handling situations that can be predicted in advance and will occur repeatedly.
H. Destination Organizations (Organization Goal)Two elements of the objectives are:1. The end result to be achieved2. Current activities undertaken to achieve these objectivesIn the book Manullang Davis divides goals into three types:1. The primary goal of economic value given either directly or indirectly to the public in the manufacture of goods and services.2. Kolateralnilai common purpose in the broad sense for the good of society3. Secondary objectives, with respect to economic value and effectiveness in achieving the above objectives.
I. Forms of objectiveParrow divide goals into five forms:1. Sociental Goals, divided into sections because of its vast organization to meet the needs of the community.2. Output Goals, produce goods and services required by consumers in the form of consumption.3. System Goals, implementation of all organizational functions performed by the system commonly used in the organization.4. Product Goals, based on products produced by the organization or company.5. Derived Goals, connected and based on other goals that exist within the organization,
J. Objective Function1. As a basis and benchmark for activities that exist within the organization either direction, channeling efforts and activities of the members of the organization without exception.2. Sources of legitimacy by improving the ability of the activities carried out in order to obtain the necessary resources in the production process and gain support from the environment around him.3. As a standard implementation by conducting themselves on purpose to be achieved that are made clear and understood by other members.4. Source of motivation to encourage other members in performing their duties, for example by providing incentives for members who carry out their duties properly, resulting in a product over the standard and others that may ultimately encourage other members.5. As a rational element of the company, because this is the basic design goals of the organization.Peter Drucker sets of eight elements that must exist within an organization in setting goals, namely:1. Market position, how much market share that can be controlled by a company, this is by seeing how much subscriptions and products that can be mastered, market segments and distribution channels are used.2. Productivity, namely by calculating the inter-input used with the output achieved, which is the company's efficiency.3. Physical and financial resources, taking into account the technology used and the necessary resources associated with the magnitude of the financial position held.4. Profitability, achievement of which is calculated by how many dollars earned by performing research and develop-ment, availability of capital for technology renovation and compensation received.5. Innovation, the reforms implemented by issuing new products, more sophisticated technology for example, based on a growing need.6. Achievements and development manager, with attention to quality management to the development of managers.7. Achievement and attitudes of employees, by setting goals related to factors in the achievement of employee work effectiveness.8. Public responsibility and solutions, to address the turmoil in the company that performed by employees in the form of strikes or protests, legal, government and other community groups.


K. Bay Management Objective (MBO)First introduced by Peter Drucker in his book The Practice of Management in 1954. Management by objectives can also be referred to as management by objectives, management by results (Management by Result), Goals Management, Work planning and reviews etc. are essentially the same.Management by objective emphasizes the importance of the role of purpose in the effective planning, with achievement of established procedures both formal and informal, first by setting goals to be achieved followed by activities to be carried to completion was held just a review of the work already done. Activities MBO stands for Management by objectives is a participatory process involving subordinates and managers at all levels of an organization that is formulated with a mission or goal, which can be measured where the use of this measure as a guide for the operation of the unit.
L. System Management By Objective Effective1. The commitment of managers personal objectives and organization, so he must meet with subordinates to provide goal-setting and evaluate it.2. Determination of top management objectives stated in the specific values ​​that can be measured, so that between managers and subordinates have a clear idea of ​​what is expected by top management, so that it can be seen among individuals with overall organizational goals.3. Individual objectives, which between managers and subordinates have to formulate common goals and responsibilities of the parts are clearly to understand what will be achieved.4. The need for participation of all parties, where the greater participation of all members, the greater goals to be achieved.5. Autonomy and the implementation of the plan, subordinates and managers here are free to develop and implement programs achieving its goals.6. Review of the achievements carried out periodically on the progress of goals.
M. Goodness and Weaknesses of MBOGoodness: Weakness:1. Knowing what to expect from the organization.2. Help managers make the goals and objectives.3. Improving vertical communication between manager with subordinates4. Make the evaluation process. 1. Weaknesses inherent in the MBO process, the consumption of time and at great cost.2. In terms of the development and implementation of MBO programs.
N. Elements of MBO Effectiveness1. To be successful MBO then the manager must understand and have the skill to know the usefulness and usability of the MBO.2. The goal is realistic and easily understood by anyone, so the goal is often used to evaluate the performance of the manager, whether he succeeded or failed in their duties.3. Top managers must maintain the MBO system is still alive and functioning properly.4. Without the participation of all parties is not possible MBO program is running, then all parties must know its position in relation to the objectives to be achieved, against a very useful feedback.
O. Forms of Decision Making (Decision Making)Namely decision-making process of a series of activities to be carried out in the resolution of a problem. Decision-making is done by each position in the organization. Managers will help the different decisions in different situations and conditions as well.This decision can be a form of programmed decisions (Programmed decisions) or not, can also distinguish between decisions made under conditions of certainty, risk and uncertainty.Programmatic decisions are decisions made by customs, rules or procedures that occur regularly and repeatedly. Example: determination of salaries, employee recruitment procedures, the procedures increase staffing levels and so on.The decision is not programmed (non-programmed decisions), which is a decision made because of special problems or unusual. Example: the allocation of resources, organizational resources, sales have fallen sharply, the use of modern technology, and so forth.Decisions with certainty, risk and uncertainty, this depends on several aspects that can not be estimated and established beforehand, as the reaction of competitors, changes in the economy, changes in technology, consumer behavior and so forth. Therefore, it is divided into three types of situations, namely:Certainty (certainty), that is by knowing keaaan will happen in future, because of the availability of accurate information and responsibility.Risk (risk), ie by knowing the chance or probability of any possibility that will happen and the result, but complete information is not owned by an organization or company.Uncertainty (uncertainty), where the manager does not know the probabilities that are owned and unknown situations that will occur in future, because it does not have the information needed. This generally involves a critical decision and the most interesting.
P. Decision Making Process1. Understanding and Problem FormulationManagers must be able to find what is really a problem, and determine which parts to be solved and which part should be solved.2. Pengumpuland an Analysis of Relevant DataOnce the problem is found, then determined and made his formula to make the right decision.3. Alternative DevelopmentDevelopment of possible alternatives rejected the tendency to make quick decisions in order to achieve effective decision.4. Evaluation of the alternatives usedAssessing the effectiveness of the alternative wear, as measured by linking the objectives and organizational resources with a realistic alternative as well as assess how well the alternatives that can be taken to assist in solving problems.5. Selection of Best AlternativeBased on information provided to managers and policy imperfections are taken by the manager.6. Implementation DecisionManagers should set a budget, hold and allocate the necessary resources, and considering the risks and dissatisfaction to the decision taken. So the procedure needs to be made periodic progress reports and prepare corrective action when new problems arise in the decisions made as well as prepare for any possible early warning that occurred.7. Evaluation of the results of DecisionImplementations that have been taken should always be monitored constantly, whether running smoothly and giving expected results.
Q. Subordinate Involvement in Decision MakingSubordinate involvement in decision-making can be formalized by making the mass, can also be unofficial missal by requesting ideas and suggestions. Making decisions based on the formal properties of more effective because many inputs other knowledge. characteristics of decision situations and decision-making style of management will affect and determine whether the decision-making done in groups or not.
R. Quantitative Methods in Decision MakingOrganization's operations more complex and expensive, so the more difficult and important managers in making plans and decisions. It required the help of various quantitative techniques and equipment. Techniques and quantitative tools of decision-making technique known as management science and operations research. Operations research to describe, understand, and predict the behavior of various complex systems in human life. The goal is to provide accurate information.Read also thispapers• Human Resource Information System• Marketing Management Papersmanagement• Human Resource Information System

Paper Making logic gates using EWB 5:12

Electronics Workbench tutorials

Introduction
Electronics Workbench (EWB) is a simulation package for electronic circuits. This allows you to design and analyze circuits without using breadboards, components or actual real instruments. EWB's click-and-pull circuit operation makes editing quick and easy. You can changeparameters and circuit components on the fly, which makes "what-if"straight foreward analysis.
This tutorial is intended as a quick introduction to the basic EWBfeatures. It first takes you through the steps to put the fundamentalcircuits together and analyze the function using the instrument. thethe end of the tutorial consists of two exercises that attempt to describeEWB strength. It also tries to encourage you to apply "what if" approach to designing circuits. This will greatly help your understanding ofEWB electronically if you use it interactively: Making changes to thecircuit you are working on, observe the effect of this change,and try to understand them. EWB puts very little constraint onparameters so do not be afraid, do not just change things by 10%, trywhat happens when you change them with a few commands in themagnitude.
EWB scheme Direct printing and graphics is usually notproduce satisfactory results, and leads to tremendous waste of paper. Thisbetter to combine the results of EWB by copying to the clipboarduse the copy as a bitmap command, and then insert it intosomething like a word document.
To open click on its icon EWB. Initially you will see a blankcircuit window and two toolbars, the toolbar circuit with a common filemanagement, editing and graphics tools, and the Bin toolbar Part ofwhere you can choose various circuit elements, and instruments.The following will guide you on your first attempt to simulate the circuit.
Build and test the circuit

   In this part oftutorial, you will buildsimple voltage DCdivider circuit is shownbelow.
Figure 1. A resistive voltage divider
Step 1. Place the components on the circuit window
   To build the circuit, you need a battery, two resistors and groundconnections. Assemble the components for the circuit.1. Select File / New to open a new circuit file.
2. Click on the Parts Bin toolbar. Basic toolbar should appear.3. Pull the two resistors from the toolbar to the window circuit.resitorTo keep open Basic toolbar, drag it onto the circuit window.Otherwise, it will shut down after you pull the item from it, and you mustreopen it for each resistor.4. Sources on the toolbar to move to the Parts Bin. Click and toolbarcontains a battery and the ground should appear. Drag them to thecircuit window. .
Step 2. Set the circuit elementsYou can change the orientation of the circuit elements either byrotating them or flipping them over. To do this, select the circuit elementsand either click on the playing standard / sandals icon on the toolbar, orselect the desired operating under Circuit. In this case you want to playtwo resistors.1. Select both well CTRL + click, or by dragging the mouse over them.2. Choose your favorite way to rotate 90 degrees.Note that the circuit elements are selected will be highlighted / change color.
Step 3. Wire components togetherMost components have a short line pointing outwards, whichterminal. To wire the components together you have to make the cablebetween components.1. Move the pointer to the terminals on the battery. if youare in the right position to make a connection, the black dot appears.Now pull up resistor on the wire. Once again the black dotappears, and the wire is locked into position.2. Wire the remaining components in the same way. You should end upwith something like this:
Initially you may not look very pretty wired. However, after makingconnection, you can move around without any cables and componentsbreaking the connection.
Step 4. Set the value to the componentInitially, each component appears with a pre-set value, the default,for example, the battery voltage is set to 12 V. You can change all the componentsvalues ​​in accordance with your application.1. Double-click on the component.2. select VALUE3. Change its value.4. Click OK.
Step 5. Save your circuitSave your work often!1. Choose File / Save.2. Continue with the normal way to save the file.
Step 6. Connect the voltmeter
   To measure the voltage in your circuit, you can use one or morevoltmeter.1. Pull the voltmeter from the toolbar to the window circuit indicators.2. Pull the cord from the voltmeter to the point in your circuitbetween which you want to measure voltage.3. Enable circuit series by clicking the power switch at the topEWB-right corner of the window.Note that the ground connection does not play a certain role in thismeasurements. Voltmeter is not connected to a reference point. Thisfunction very much like a handheld multimeter in the lab. You canmeasure the voltage difference between the pair of points on the circuit.
Step 7. Make changes and additions
   You now have a very simple circuit but it works. take thisopportunity to make some changes and additions.1. Add the ammeter to the circuit to measure current throughresistor.2. Change the value of the resistor, and observe changes incurrent and voltage.Ammeter can be connected with a position on the wire throughthat you want to measure the current. EWB will automatically makethe right connections. If you are not sure that this is done correctly, pullammeter, the cable must move with it.
Using the main instrument
EWB incorporates a number of instruments, such as
oscilloscope and function generator. The following providesintroduction to these two instruments. To investigate briefly the functiongenerator, build the circuit below.
Figure 2. The function generator with bargraph displays.
Function generator1. Pull over to the window function generator circuit.2. Double-click on the function generator. Now you can change itssettings, such as waveform, amplitude signal and the signalfrequency.3. The function generator has three terminals, "-", "common" and "+".Connect common ground terminal.4. Getting two red probe of the toolbar indicator. Wire them to the "+"and "-" terminal, and activate the circuit.
You should now have two flashing red lights. To get a little moreinformation we will attach the second type of indicator.5. Getting two bargraph displays the decoded form of the toolbar indicator.6. Wire one terminal of each of the bargraph indicator to the ground, andthe other terminal to the "+" and "-" terminal of the functiongenerator.7. Experiment by changing the wave form and frequency of the signalgenerator.
oscilloscope
   Oscilloscope is a much more powerful tool than the bargraphindicator or even of a voltmeter. It can show time dependencesignals in your circuit. The EWBoscilloscope provides enoughclose approximation of the real.It has two independent inputschannels, A and B, input toexternal trigger and groundconnections.
Figure 3. EWB oscilloscope icon with its terminals.
To see the output from the signal generator, you can addoscilloscope to the circuit you just made.1. Pull the oscilloscope to the circuit window, and double-click on it.Oscilloscope has four terminals, for two independent inputchannel, trigger input and ground connections. inputunderstanding with respect to the ground voltage line! As long as there is inat least one ground terminal attached to your circuit, do not needto connect the oscilloscope ground. We will discuss howoscilloscope is triggered in the classroom. At this point, leaving the triggeron auto.
2. Connect channel A to output "+" function generator, andactivate the circuit. You should now have a sine wave at youoscilloscope screen
3. Making drastic changes in signal amplitude and frequency, andadjust sensitivity and time base settings like that you stillretain easily interpretable picture of the waveform onoscilloscope screen. It may be necessary to occasionally turn onsimulation.
Figure 4. Using an oscilloscope to investigate the signal fromfunction.
4. Change the offset to the function generator to the value of the orderamplitude. This adds a constant voltage to the signal. You will seetrace on the oscilloscope move up (or down). You have two choicesto move it back to the center.
5. Change the position of "y" as a track back to the center.It can always be done during the offset is not too large. (Mostoscilloscope can not generate internally offset a much largerfull-scale range of the screen.)6. Change the "y-position" back to zero, and select "AC" as the inputmode coupling. In this mode the DC component of the signalremoved. EWB oscilloscope is very good, but realinstruments have difficulty distinguishing between the DC and veryslowly oscillating signals. In practice, avoid AC input mode forless than 100 Hz signal frequency.
To get a larger picture of the oscilloscope, try the developing world. onYou'll find an expanded view of two vertical line cursor. With this movearound you can measure time and amplitude of points on the displayedtrail.
two exercises
The following exercise is intended to demonstrate the power of EWB. infirst you can learn what happens when the LRC circuit is driven withsquare wave. Even the simple circuit showing the various behaviors,depending on component values ​​and frequency drives. EWB makeallows for the study was at least qualitatively. secondexercise gives you the opportunity to build a simple circuit withoutknow a lot about how things would work. This is one of the mainadvantage of the simulation program. Without the many mathematical or investmenton the hardware you can try new ideas and adapt them to the reality in whichrequired.
LRC circuit
 
Assemble the circuit shown below, and activate. Once youachieve something similar to fig. 4, change the value of dampingresistor. Look at the value of 100W 100kW. Can you explain yourobservation?
Figure 5. Driving LRC circuit with a square wave.
Set the damping resistor to 100W. Now scan function generatorfrequencies from 15 Hz to 25 Hz in 1 Hz steps. The behavior of

circuit seems to change dramatically for very small changes infrequency. Try to figure out why this happens.
In this exercise we have used an external trigger to stabilizeoscilloscope picture. You may still feel uncomfortable to read scope.Try the following. Click on Analysis / Analysis option (Ctrl Y). Click onInstrument tab, and select under Oscilloscope "Pause after each screen."You can then use the Continue button to go through the simulation oneoscilloscope screen at a time. This may require a number of frames to achievesteady state behavior.
AC DC conversion áSomehow you have to take the information that there is a series ofelements that pass current in one direction and blocks acrossone. They go by the name of the diode. It strikes you that this can be usefulto convert AC voltage, perhaps from a transformer, for DC voltage. tosee if this really will make you a place you putollowing the circuit.
Figure 6. Using diodes to fix the sine wave. Note that wehave used the Y-position offset in scope to separate the Aand B channel footprint.
Apparently there is some truth to the story, you only have a positiveresistor voltage, when the input voltage goes negativeoutput voltage is zero. However, you realize that this is not quite what youwant. What you are after is a fairly constant voltage, andcertainly not something that is zero half the time. You are now sufferingsuddenly flash back to your introductory physics course. there isThis capacitor is mentioned. It should be able to store charge. mayThis can be used to keep the voltage rise during the perioddiode blocks the flow. So the next step is to place the capacitor intoThe problem is, you do not know how big it should be. To save money andspace you want to minimize the capacitance. In this case began with 10mFand change the value to see what you can get away with.
Figure 7. Smoothing rectified sine wave using a capacitor.
With a large enough capacitor that you can get a DC voltage withvery small ripple. However, the capacitance you need is a little big,and voltage of 17V. As it happens, you really want somethingclose to 8V. A colleague suggested that you use a zener diode to fix this.You're not too sure, but you have the impression that this is some sort ofvoltage stabilizer. So you pick a zener diode from the toolbar and trysome look configurations that make sense. Maybe something like this.
Figure 8. Using a zener diode to obtain the desired voltage. incircuit diagram that you see labeled as BZV49-zenerC8V2. To get this one particular you have to double click ongeneric zener, and go through the list of "real" zener diodeavailable.
This does not work properly. You see that for part of the time youhas a constant voltage from the desired value, but in between there is a largedips. You do not understand, so you use the oscilloscope toinvestigate what happened. Leave the channel B where, but move the channelA to measure the voltage across the capacitor. From oscilloscopeit's now pretty clear picture of what is happening. During the voltage on
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capacitor is greater than 8.2V zener works fine. However, whencapacitor discharges below 8.2 V, zener diode can not make it,and stopped to stabilize the voltage. To make work the circuit, the voltage oncapacitor must be greater than 8.2V all the time. In section (2) You seethat this requires a large capacitor. You can now increasecapacitance so has the only correct value.
Figure 8. Using an oscilloscope to check the various voltagescircuit. To make a comparison between channel A and B

easier, you have to set sensitivity (y-scale) for bothchannels to the same value, and y-positions to zero.

After adjusting the value of the capacitor, you might be interested in howactual DC voltage constant. On a scale 5V/div you do notnotice any irregularities. When you try to go to a higher sensitivity, tracemoving from the screen. Because you are only interested in the oscillationapproximately constant value of 8V, you can switch one channel toAC mode. This eliminates the DC and allows to seesmall features.
Figure 9. Checking for the size of the ripple on the DC voltage.Note that here we have been connected to both lines the samepoint. Channel, set to DC-5V/div, DC voltage monitor,Channel B, is set to AC-10mV/div see a small ripple.Because it is difficult to trigger the voltage is almost constant, wehave used an external input to trigger the trigger directly oninput sine wave.
Congratulations! You have mastered a very usefulsoftware. Keep in mind that while EWB is intended for electronicscircuit, thermal and mechanical problems that can be mapped toequivalent electrical circuit, and simulation / resolved by using this software.